Large Bowel大腸

Cartoon of intestine
Photo of irritable bowel syndrome
ESDLife Healthy:D

常常腹痛、肚疴、肚脹、放屁、有便意,未必是腸胃炎作怪,找不到誘因的腸胃不適,很多時候也是因為「腸易激」。腸易激綜合症是臨床上常見的一種胃腸功能紊亂性疾病,全球有10-15%人罹患此病[1],香港的發病率約為7%[2]

「腸易激」醫學全名為「腸易激綜合症」(亦稱「大腸易激症」,或一般人稱「腸敏感」,英文Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS))是腸臟功能紊亂、失調或腸道過敏所引起的症狀之統稱,若症狀頻密(過去三個月中每星期最少有一天有以上症狀)或症狀影響日常生活,而接受大腸內視鏡檢查卻找不到原因,便有可能患上「腸易激綜合症」。

healthyD請來腸胃肝臟專科醫生李恒輝醫生,與大家剖析腸易激綜合症的成因、症狀、診斷、治療方法及飲食建議,透過瞭解腸易激綜合症有助患者消除這惱人的腸胃困擾。

腸易激綜合症患者發病時感覺腸胃似「扭毛巾」

腸易激綜合症的成因大致分為內在及外在因素。李恒輝醫生指出,患者會因為腸胃蠕動不規律而造成不適,亦因每個人的腸胃神經線和腸胃中細菌的健康程度有異,所以症狀的程度亦有所不同。大部分患者求診時都會表示肚痛,感覺腸胃似「扭毛巾」,伴以肚脹、肚瀉或便秘,一般持續數星期至一個月,便會前來求診。而外在因素則多由情緒所致,包括焦慮、壓力、緊張等。由於腸易激綜合症為慢性腸胃疾病,故此與急性的腸胃炎在臨床症狀上不大相同。

腸易激綜合症與腸胃炎的分別

根據2016年美國腸胃科學會羅馬四診斷標準(Rome IV criteria),腸易激綜合症分為4類型:肚瀉型、便秘型、混合型和無法分類型[3]。腸易激綜合症與腸胃炎的分別在於前者為慢性,而後者為急性疾病。李醫生坦言有時單看臨床症狀較難區分:「腸胃炎由細菌病毒引起,患者可能會肚瀉、嘔吐,『疴清』之後便可能好轉。倘若病症中包含發燒,那麼患上急性腸胃炎的機會便較大。」李醫生解釋,腸胃炎患者的康復時間最長大概在一個月內,但腸易激則會「時好時壞」,不能根治。

藥物治療有效殺死腸道內的壞細菌

診斷此症,醫生會利用大腸內視鏡檢查患者是否罹患其他疾病,當排除嚴重疾病如大腸癌之後,醫生會找出病因,從藥物、情緒及飲食三方面進行治療及調理。醫生建議所有人都應定期做大腸內視鏡檢查,而腸易激綜合症患者毋須額外增加做檢查的次數。

李醫生:「藥物治療可減低患者腸道蠕動幅度或腸胃敏感度。Rifaximin是一種腸道不吸收的抗生素,即是患者服用後可排泄出體外,它可以殺死腸道內的壞細菌,然後騰出更多空間讓好的細菌生長,即「益生菌」。這種藥物主要針對肚瀉型患者,臨床數據顯示,4成患者可減輕肚脹,7成患者服用後紓緩肚疴症狀。」李醫生強調,服用益生菌只對部分患者有效,而處方的益生菌與市面上購買得到益生菌產品亦不同。

由營養師跟進腸易激綜合症患者的飲食習慣

有些碳水化合物不容易被消化,而腸易激綜合症患者的腸胃所不能分解的碳水化合物種類往往比正常人多,因此要借助細菌去分解,李醫生形容過程好像「釀香檳」,在發酵過程中會令人感到肚脹,上述提及可以借助抗生素藥物去治療,飲食調節方面則交由營養師跟進,大約需要一至兩個月時間找出哪種碳水化合物不能被分解,從而在飲食上作出改變。「當患者減少進食高FODMAP食物,可有助減低腸易激綜合症病發機會。」李醫生建議。

病人個案分享:治療兩年不果 辭職後突然痊癒?

生理上腸易激綜合症不會造成嚴重併發症,亦不會增加患上大腸癌的風險,但李醫生提醒:「由於腹痛及肚疴等症狀影響到患者的日常及社交生活,因此容易引起情緒問題,如焦慮、抑鬱。」

由於腸易激綜合症在香港十分普遍,因此患者都來自各行各業,在李醫生的病人記錄中,小至十多歲的學生、教師、長者都有,他們都各有不同的成因患上此症。「有些患者以藥物治療,依指示定時服藥可以一年都不發作。至於有些患者較多因情緒引發此症,則必須從心理治療著手處理,病人亦需要好好配合才能獲得成效。」李醫生分享說,曾經有一位病人,與腸易激綜合症糾纏了兩年,症狀仍然反覆出現,及後他決定辭去工作,腸易激綜合症卻突然「痊癒」,顯然是由壓力造成。現時醫學界縱然未有方法根治腸易激綜合症,但透過藥物、情緒治療再配合飲食,並可按自己的喜好進行適當的運動,放鬆心情,可達致雙贏的治療效果。在患者好好配合的情況下,此症是可以有效控制的。

[1] 《Facts About IBS》by International Foundation Gastrointestinal Disorders

[2] 香港大學《香港大學行為健康教研中心催眠治療對腸易激綜合症成效 ─ 本港首個臨床先導計劃研究結果》

[3] New Rome IV Diagnostic Criteria for IBS

香港消防主任協會 HKFSOA
工作腸胃問題 Webinar (part 1)
主持:#練樂儀 #Alinalinlin

香港消防主任協會 HKFSOA
工作腸胃問題 Webinar (part 2)
主持:#練樂儀 #Alinalinlin

盈。思健 2020-12-9 #打邊爐 #腸胃炎

https://fb.watch/6m-ZJoegjf/

Article about farting
Jun 24, 2020 #farting #放屁

Farting: how much is normal?
Farting is a part of the normal functioning of the human body, but sometimes farting in public with smell and sound by accident is truly embarrassing! Where do these gases come from? It is often said eating too much of a particular food would make you have smelly fart and is it true?
Farting is releasing gas from the bowels, and farting is the normal physiology of expelling the gases from the human body. Then, how much fart is normal? The answer varies from person to person and the average adult would fart twelve to twenty-five times per day. This expels about 600 to 1200 milliliters of fart and this falls within the normal range.
Many people think that they don’t fart so much. In fact, most of the farts are accidentally released during sleeping and excretion. The reason for that is when the body is relaxed, and it is not even noticeable.
Eating too fast can also produce more gas
Part of the reasons why there is so much gas in the intestines is due to many actions in daily life. For example, some actions will make us suck air into our intestines and stomach, such as talking, swallowing saliva and eating. Habits especially eating too fast and frequent use of straws will make people swallow more air, so people with these two habits will have more “gas”. Though these farts usually are odorless.
Where did the fart with a bad smell come from? Fart smells are usually because of the food that the body canafter eating. These foods are broken down by bacteria in the intestines, which will produce smelly gas. Therefore, the frequency and odor of such farts are mainly related to two factors:
1. How much food you eat that the intestines cannot break down by.
The medical professionals classify foods containing short-chain carbohydrates which are difficult to absorb as F foods. Foods including apples, garlic, cashews, etc., are all on the list. “This kind of food is decomposed by intestinal bacteria and the process may produce sulfur with a smell similar to rotten eggs.”
2. Distribution of intestinal bacteria.
When decomposing food, it is mostly bad bacteria that produce malodorous gas, so if there are many bad farts with strong malodor, this may relate to higher amounts of the bad bacteria in the intestinal tract.
Sudden increase with stinky fart or intestinal disease
At present, the medical professionals have not fully grasped the actual distribution of different bacteria in human intestines, but many intestinal diseased patients (such as bowel cancer, enteritis) will have changes in the distribution of intestinal bacteria or “bad odor” (ie due to unbalance of distribution of microorganisms and causes diseases), causing the fart to be different from usual. Usually they will fart more with smelly farts.
Is there any way to produce less stinky fart? Very few people seek medical treatment simply because of a lot of smelly fart, and this usually comes with some medical conditions.
In theory there are two approaches, one is to use antibiotics to “kill” the bad bacteria in the intestines, or take high-dose of probiotics to improve the distribution of intestinal bacteria.

P.S. The main components of odorless fart are nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and oxygen. As for the smelly fart, it usually contains hydrogen sulfide and ethanethiol.

放屁是人體正常運作的一部份,但有時不小心在公眾場所放了一個又臭又響的屁,實在令人尷尬!到底這些令人避之則吉的氣體是從何而來?坊間常說吃太多某類食物便會放臭屁又是否事實?

所謂「屁」是來自腸胃的氣體,而「放屁」就是人體把這些氣體排出的正常生理現象。那一個人每天放多少屁才屬正常?放屁量其實因人而異,一般成年人每天放屁約十二至二十五次、排出約六百至一千二百毫升的屁,都屬於正常範圍。

許多人會覺得自己根本沒放那麼多屁,其實很大部分的屁都是不經意地在睡覺及大小便時放了出來,原因身體放鬆了,但自己可能沒察覺到。

吃得快會導致多屁

腸道內之所以會有這麼多氣體,其中一部分是由於日常生活的不少舉動,原來會令我們把空氣吸入了腸胃,例如說話、吞口水以及吃東西,尤其吃得太快、經常使用吸管都會令人吞下更多空氣,故有這兩個習慣的人士「屁量」會較多,不過這類型的屁是沒有氣味的。

那令人「聞」之色變的臭屁是從何而來?屁會臭通常是因為進食了身體不能自行消化的食物,而這些食物要靠腸道裡的細菌代為分解,過程中就會產生有臭味的氣體。

因此,這類屁的量和惡臭程度,主要和兩個因素有關:

  1. 吃了多少腸道無法自行分解的食物

醫學界把一些含有難以吸收的短鏈碳水化合物的食物歸類為Fodmap食物,常見的食物包括蘋果、蒜、腰果等都榜上有名,「這類食物在被腸道細菌分解的過程或產生硫,氣味類似臭蛋」。

  • 腸道細菌分佈狀況

分解食物時會製造惡臭氣體的多為壞菌,故如臭屁多及惡臭味強或是因為腸道較多這類壞菌。

突然多臭屁或患腸道病

現時醫學界還沒完全掌握人類腸道中不同細菌的實際分佈狀況,但不少腸道疾病患者(例如腸癌、腸炎)都會出現腸道細菌分佈改變或「菌叢不良」(即由於微生物的分佈生態失衡而造成疾病)的問題,導致放屁狀況異於平日,多數表現為是屁變多及氣味變臭。

那有什麼方法可以放少點臭屁?甚少人會單純因多臭屁而求醫,通常都會伴隨病況,但理論上有兩個做法,一是用抗生素「殺死」腸道中的壞菌,又或可服用高劑量的益生菌,改善腸道細菌分佈。

P.S. 無味屁的成分主要是氮氣、氫氣、二氧化碳、甲烷、氧氣,至於臭屁通常是因為當中帶有硫化氫及硫醇。

Article about constipation
#Constipation / #便秘

As a doctor, friends often ask me for medical advices. It came to my notice that a lot of young women are plagued by constipation, although many cases are not severe enough to require medication, but basic recommendations such as eating more fruits and vegetables, drinking plenty of water and exercising are not helping. One important factor is timing. A flight attendant, for example, has her toilet time messed up by work frequently. Assuming a flight from Hong Kong to Toronto, flight time of ~14 hours, she has to report duty 2 hours before departure, and takes another hour to get to hotel after arrival. That is a total of 17 hours when she could not or prefer not to go to the toilet even if her body urges her to. After completion of 17 hours work, both physically and mentally exhausted, would she rather sleep or poop at the hotel? By the time she wakes up, the urge is gone. Besides, location is an important factor, despite how nice a hotel room toilet is, a toilet in an unfamiliar environment is always screaming “it does not feel like home!” Furthermore, her physiological clock is constantly disrupted due to time differences between cities.

作為醫生,身邊朋友經常都會向我詢問一些醫學問題。原來好多年輕女性都受便秘困擾,雖然很多個案也未必未嚴重到需要服藥解決,但會做成生理及心理困擾。基本建議如多食蔬果、喝水和運動對他們的幫助有限,最重要還是時間性。

以一位空中服務員為例,她的如廁時間非常受出勤工作影響,假設由香港飛往多倫多,機程要14小時,起飛前2小時要回公司報到,落機後要約一小時才到酒店。如果上班前無大便,在航程上又因為當值而不方便去,起碼要忍17小時。當她完成17小時工作後,身心俱憊,到當地酒店應該便已倒頭大睡。睡醒時,早前的便意經已消失,再加上時差因素,生理時鐘也未適應而打亂了。此外,地點也是重要因素,先說機內廁所衛生情況只屬一般,而無論下榻酒店如何星級,一踏入陌生環境的洗手間,只可軟嘆 “it never feels like home!”。好了!幾天後當身體已適應了當地時差後,又要回港,就是這樣幾天她也沒有排便了。

習慣性便秘會導致腹脤,原因是結腸積聚了宿便。宿便會增加腸道細菌導致有口氣。一般人面對便秘是無奈又尷尬,但嚴重者會有情緒緊張,睡眠失調和憂鬱症。雖然沒有足夠醫學証明便秘和皮膚的關係,但試問受到情緒困擾的女士又怎能容光煥發呢?

說回在職女性,大部份情況應沒有上述般糟糕,但因為工作而影響如廁時間在所難免。其實要解決問題,最基本是有便意就應該上洗手間。如果你習慣了「忽視」便意,直腸漸漸地習慣了儲存大便,便意就隨之減少,當大便在大腸停留久了便會變硬,導致惡性循環。當然多吃高纖食物(如紅莓,西梅,梨連皮,青豆,西蘭花,麥糠,燕麥糠,米糠等)加上多飲足夠水分是可以軟化大便。每日最少要喝6至8杯水,天氣炎熱時或多汗者要喝多些。喝暖水比喝冷水更能夠幫助刺激正常的腸道蠕動。受便秘問題困擾者就要減少喝咖啡及酒,因為兩者會使水分流失。運動方面,簡單如30分鐘的急步行,可以幫助刺激腸道蠕動,也可減少便秘。最後,最理想當然是養成有規律的上洗手間習慣。每天在同一時間預留20分鐘安坐於家中洗手間,最好當然是進食後半小時,因為在進食時大腸蠕動幅度比較大的,特別是早餐後最容易有便意。久而久之養成習慣便可。

TVB 2018-05-27:
X偏方全民拆解

女性生理週期與便秘

很多女性經期前後都有腸胃不適,如肚脹,過多胃氣,便秘或肚瀉,令已經辛苦的日子更難受。大部分女仕都不是因為腸胃有重大問題,而只是身體受都週期性女性荷爾蒙的影響。換言之,這是生理反應,不需太擔心。

女性荷爾蒙是指雌激素(estrogen)和黃體素(progesterone)。排卵期前,身體分泌的雌激素會令一夥卵子(有時更多)成熟。排卵後,雌激素會減少,而黃體素分泌會增加。假如卵子沒有受孕,黃體素便會減少,然後開始月經來潮。黃體素會減慢腸胃的蠕動。因此,食物會停留在胃部和小腸的時間長了,導致胃脹,多胃氣和消化不良的感覺。同樣,大便存儲在大腸的時問長了,導致肚脹和便秘。雌激素也有些影響,但不及黃體素明顯。所以有月經前便秘的女仕,通常在黃體素下降後(即排經後1至3日)便秘便會消失。相反地,有些女仕在排經的日子有肚瀉的困擾。因為排經時,身體分泌出前列腺素(prostaglandin)。前列腺素在排經的作用是令子宮收縮,但亦會增加腸道的蠕動,導致肚瀉。

女性荷爾蒙是會影腸胃的。最常見就是月經前便秘,然後在排經時消退。但畢竟每個人的荷爾蒙分泌量不同及身體反應不同,所以病徵也不一樣。假如你有這樣的困擾,可以在經期前多做運動,進食多些高纖維食物,及保持足夠水份,以幫助排秘。盡量避免高”腹鳴(FODMAP)”食品,減少氣體在腸內形成導致肚脹及不適。研究顯示患有腸易激症/腸敏感的女仕更容易有生理週期性的腸胃不適。病徵亦普遍較為嚴重,容易疲倦,有腰背痛和失眠。(關於腹鳴食品和腸易激症,可參考第167期)。

如你不太清楚你的月經週期和腸胃不適的關連性,可以日記方式記錄腸胃症狀和月經日子。除了生理原因外,疾病亦可引致類似症狀。最常見是子宮內膜移位。詳情可請教你的醫生。

Female menstrual cycle and constipation

Many women have gastrointestinal discomfort before and after menstruation, such as bloating, excessive gas, constipation or diarrhea, which makes the hard days even more uncomfortable. Most women do not have major gastrointestinal problems, but their bodies are affected by cyclic female hormones. In other words, this is a physiological reaction, so women should not worry too much.

Female hormones refer to estrogen and progesterone. Before ovulation, estrogen secreted by the body matures an egg (sometimes more). After ovulation, estrogen will decrease and progesterone secretion will increase. If the egg is not fertilised, the progesterone will decrease and the menstrual cycle will begin. Progesterone slows down the movement of the stomach. As a result, food stays in the stomach and small bowel for a longer time, resulting in a feeling of bloating, gas and indigestion. Similarly, stool is stored in the large bowel longer, leading to bloating and constipation. Estrogen also has some effects, but it is not as obvious as progesterone. Therefore, for women with premenstrual constipation, the constipation usually disappears after the decrease in progesterone (1 to 3 days after menstruation). On the contrary, some women suffer from diarrhea during menstruation days. This is because the body secretes prostaglandin during menstruation. The role of prostaglandin is to stimulate the uterus to contract, but it will also increase the peristalsis of bowels and cause diarrhea.

Female hormones affect the digestive system, and the most common result is constipation before menstruation and it will subside during menstruation. But after all, everyone’s hormone secretion is different and the body reacts differently, so the symptoms are different. If you have such troubles, you can do more exercise before menstruation, eat more high-fiber foods, and keep hydrated to help excretion. Try to avoid foods that are high in “FODMAP” to reduce the formation of gas in bowels and cause bloating and discomfort. Studies have shown that women with irritable bowel syndrome / bowel hypersensitivity are more likely to have physiological periodic gastrointestinal discomfort. Those symptoms are generally more serious, with fatigue, lower back pain and insomnia.

If you are not sure about the relationship between your menstrual cycle and gastrointestinal discomfort, you can record gastrointestinal symptoms and menstrual days in a dairy. In addition to physical causes, diseases can also cause similar symptoms. The most common is endometriosis. Please consult your doctor for details.

Jessica Magazine Issue 168

外遊腸胃炎

腹瀉是外出旅遊最常感染的疾病。本來開開心心嘅行程,改為不停找洗手間。美食當前又無份享用。更嚴重者要留守酒店或找當地醫生。浪費了金錢,亦浪費了難得的假期。

世界衛生組織估計每年约有一千萬名旅客患了外遊腸胃炎(Traveller’s diarrhea)。特別是香港人經常去的東南亞國家如泰國就有好多病例。其他高危地區是印度(導遊朋友說十個香港團友九個疴),中東,非洲,中美洲和南美洲。原因是這些地區的食水潔淨程度比較差和餐廳的衛生管理落後。所以夏天比冬天更容易出事。

約90%的個案都是由細菌引起。最常見是大腸桿菌,空腸曲狀桿菌,沙門氏桿菌和桿菌性痢疾等等。什麼食物最容易中招? 未完全煮熟的肉類,蛋類,海鮮和儲存不當的奶類製品如雪糕。水源不潔亦是大問題。不喝未經煮沸的水自然是常識。但你有否想過餐廳是用什麼水來製冰和冼菜(沙律)?除非你日日食杯麵或每餐都去五星級酒店,否則都很難避免。另一點要注意就是進食前要洗手。如果所到之地方落後,可自備酒精搓手液。

一般外遊腸胃炎病徵是腹痛,肚瀉,嘔吐和發燒。如果由細菌引起,病徵可持續3至5天。病毒(如諾沃克和輪狀病毒)引起的腸胃炎病徵通常只維持1至3天。諾沃克病毒引至的腸胃炎的特徵是嘔吐多於肚瀉。

大部分人不需要藥物治療也可痊癒,最重要是避免缺水。但一定要喝清潔的水,如蒸餾水或經煮沸的水。電解質亦需要補充,可以喝運動飲料或出發前買定脱水補充液配方(Oral rehydration therapy)。盡量不要進食奶製品和油膩食物。假如真的不想因腸胃炎延誤旅遊行程,可在出發前跟家庭醫生商量拿些止疴藥和抗生素應急。藥物雖可縮減病患日子,但對身體健康之讀者不是必要的。抗生素亦要根據個人病歷和旅遊地點作出選擇。

假如病情持續多於5天,出現缺水(可留意小便減少)或排血便,便要在當地找醫生診治。回港後,腹瀉持續亦要求診,有機會是寄生蟲感染。

旅遊最重要食得安心。

What to do with traveler’s diarrhea?

Diarrhea is the most common illness during traveling. It turns a happy journey into a disappointment, looking for bathrooms, and eyeing all the delicious food that you cannot eat. If it is more serious, you might have to stay at your hotel room or consult a local doctor. These cost money as well as your precious holiday.

The World Health Organization estimates that about 10 million travelers suffer from Traveler’s Diarrhea each year. The numbers are especially higher in Southeast Asian countries where Hong Kong people often go to, such as Thailand and Vietnam. Other high-risk areas include India, Middle East, Africa, Central America and South America. The reason is the relatively poor cleanness of water in these areas as well as suboptimal sanitation management in restaurants. Summertime is particularly worse.

According to statistics, about 90% of traveler’s diarrhea are caused by bacteria. The most common ones are Escherichia coli, Aspergillus jejuni, Salmonella and bacillary dysentery. So, what food is common culprit? Undercooked meat, eggs, seafood and improperly stored dairy products such as ice cream and unclean water are the major problems. It is not wise to drink unboil water! But have you ever wondered what kind of water restaurants use to make ice and clean vegetables for salad? Unless you eat cup noodles every day or visit five-star hotels for every meal, practically it’s difficult to avoid. Another point to note is to wash your hands before eating. If the places you visit are less developed, you can carry your own alcohol hand sanitizer to clean your hands. If you unfortunately suffer from gastroenteritis while traveling, the symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and fever. If it is caused by bacteria, the symptoms typically last for 3 to 5 days. The symptoms of gastroenteritis caused by viruses (such as Norwalk and Rotavirus) usually only last for 1 to 3 days. Gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk virus is characterized by more vomiting than diarrhea. Most patients can be cured without medication. The most important thing is to avoid dehydration. Be sure to drink distilled water or thoroughly boiled water. Electrolytes also need to be replenished. You can drink sports drinks or buy oral rehydration remedies before setting out. Try not to eat dairy food or greasy food. If you really do not want to delay your travel itinerary due to gastroenteritis, you can discuss with your family doctor to get some medication before departure. Although medications can reduce the duration of diarrhea, they are not necessary for healthy readers. Antibiotics must be chosen based on personal medical records and travel locations. If the symptoms persist for more than 5 days, the presence of dehydration (you can pay attention whether the amount of urine is lessened) or bloody stools, you should consult a local doctor for treatment. After returning to Hong Kong, if the diarrhea persists, doctor consultation is required as it may be a parasite infection. Therefore, choose your food carefully during travelling, especially travelling to hot areas in summer.

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